Year-Round Production of Cotton and Wheat or Rapeseed Regulated by Different Nitrogen Rates with Crop Straw Returning

Double direct seeding of cotton (with wheat or rapeseed) is a new method for cotton-growing regions in the Yangtze River Basin to adapt development mechanization. It would help reduce manual labor, optimize amount nitrogen fertilizer be used, physical and chemical production costs, improve benefits fields. We selected five counties from major cotton-producing areas Hubei Province three consecutive seasons, winter 2020 spring 2022. The experimental sites used no tillage with straw returning field, double seeding, late sowing at high density, one-time fertilization study effects different rates on yield characteristics cotton, wheat, rape calculate economic two cultivation modes under input levels through parameters such as land-use efficiency, profitability. In both cotton–wheat cotton–rapeseed cropping systems, number bolls per plant was lowest N165 (90 + 75 wheat/rape kg ha−1) treatment. highest N247.5 (135 112.5 after system N412.5 (225 187.5 system. increased increase fertilizer, treatment showing values. With an harvest index first maximized then started decreasing. N330 (180 150 ha−1), whereas, rape, it application, value N495 (270 225 ha−1). Economically, expenses income cotton–rape systems increased. net profit benefit ratio decreased increasing scoring maximum values these parameters. efficiency wheat/rape) significantly lower than that other four treatments. profitability profit. cycle slightly shorter cotton–wheat, productivity also lower. rapeseed were those while gross income, profit, higher cotton–wheat. application double-cropping return can achieve ratio, low level N247.5, Due price advantage are